Water crisis fuelling human wildlife conflict

Calvin Manika

HWANGE-Scarcity of water has heightened fears of human wildlife conflict in Matetsi, Hwange as elephants are expected to gravitate towards  human dwellings in search for water.

The area received average to normal rainfall during the just ended rainy season which has momentarily kept the elephants at bay but as water sources dry up the jumbos tend to move to residential areas in search for the precious liquid.

“The biggest challenge facing both animals and human beings is water. It’s better during the rainy season but  as soon as the water bodies start drying up the wild animals find their way into our communities. Unfortunately when this happens death is inevitable,” said Godfrey Dube, a resident.

Hwange has been at the receiving end of climate change induced human wildlife conflict. In some instances villagers have taken the law into their hands, killing wild animals in the process. 

Hwange district is in agro-ecological zone 4 and is characterised by high temperatures, low rainfall and long dry spells. In an effort to conserve wildlife,  Bhejane Trust has built several water ponds  powered by diesel generators in the Zambezi National Park.

 Bhejane Trust founder, Trevor Lane said in an effort to keep the wild animals within the confines of the national park, his organisation is complimenting the Zimbabwe National Parks’ work in wildlife conservation.

“Shortage of water causes elephants to roam and sometimes become victims of human activities such as poaching. We try to make the holes as natural as possible to maintain the natural habitation,” said Lane.

In Zimbabwe, human wildlife conflict cases commonly involve animals like baboons, foxes, elephants and hippos due to shortage of food and water in the wild. Elephants and hippos usually destroy vast tracts of maize fields and encounters with wild animals can result in injury and death. 

Villagers in Matetsi say, although retaliatory killing is unlawful and dangerous, it is sometimes the community’s only defense against dangerous wildlife.

“We usually alert the national parks officials on animals causing problems so that they can get rid of them. However, we have some incidents where elephants are poached with the assistance of disgruntled villagers. In areas with high human wildlife conflict, most of the villagers don’t seem to be benefiting from wildlife, and that is dangerous to conservation efforts,” said Thomas Moyo.

Late last year during a 2022 pre-budget seminar for parliamentarians in Victoria Falls, the Minister of Environment, Climate and Tourism  Nqobizitha Mangaliso Ndlovu said there was increasing competition for resources such as water and food between people and wild animals affecting areas like Matetsi.

According to the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), Africa’s wildlife, wild lands, and rural communities bear the brunt of climate change. The foundation says by 2030 water scarcity will impact as much as two-thirds of Africa. 

“On the climate change induced effects such as shortage of water, even though the continent consumes a tiny fraction of the world’s fossil fuels, Africa’s vast ecological wealth and unique natural ecosystems are especially susceptible to shifts in weather patterns. The protection of large landscapes is one of the greatest mitigation measures for climate change. If managed responsibly, large intact lands can mitigate climate impacts, helping wildlife and people adapt,” notes AWF in a statement.

The Zimbabwe National Parks alongside various partners is working on climate-smart conservation planning and sustainable natural resource management. The National Parks Authority Spokesperson, Tinashe Farawo applauds the efforts being made.

“Our poaching trends at a national level have been declining especially last year where we only recorded twenty elephants being killed by poachers in the Hwange National Park and in Matusadona area where most of these species are dominant,” Farawo said.

The current United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) environmental crime report pinpoints a number of international conventions and national initiatives that seek to address climate change and human-wildlife conflict. Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Ibrahim Thiaw says at stake is the financial loss running into billions of dollars that these environmental crimes cause.

 “The ecosystem disruption, loss of biodiversity and crippling ecosystem services that underpin human wellbeing to build resilience economies and adapt to climate change,” said Thiaw.

The two main causes of the decline in the elephant population in Zimbabwe have been the demand for ivory and land-use changes. Human wildlife conflict, increases in poaching levels and loss of habitat are threatening the survival of African elephant populations  in Hwange.